Was Ferdinand Magellan Born Into a Rich Family

Portuguese explorer who organised the first circumnavigation of the Earth

Ferdinand Magellan
Ferdinand Magellan, in a 16th or 17th century anonymous portrait
Born	Fernão de Magalhães (1480-02-04)4 February 1480 Sabrosa, Kingdom of Portugal
Died	27 Apr 1521(1521-04-27) (aged 41) Chiefdom of Mactan
Nationality	Portuguese
Known for	The Magellan expedition Finding the Strait of Magellan First European Pacific Ocean crossing
Signature

Ferdinand Magellan (^[1] or ;^[two] Portuguese: Fernão de Magalhães, IPA: [fɨɾˈnɐ̃w dɨ mɐɣɐˈʎɐ̃jʃ]; Spanish: Fernando de Magallanes, IPA: [feɾˈnando ðe maɣaˈʎanes]; four February 1480 – 27 Apr 1521) was a Portuguese explorer and a discipline of the Hispanic Monarchy from 1518. He is best known for having planned and led the 1519 Spanish expedition to the Eastward Indies across the Pacific Ocean to open a maritime merchandise route, during which he discovered the interoceanic passage bearing thereafter his name and achieved the first European navigation from the Atlantic to Asia. While on this voyage, Magellan was killed in the Battle of Mactan in 1521 in the nowadays-twenty-four hours Philippines, but some of the expedition'due south surviving members, in one of the 2 remaining ships, after completed the starting time circumnavigation of the Earth when they returned to Spain in 1522.^{[3] [4]}

Born 4 February 1480 into a family of minor Portuguese nobility, Magellan became a skilled sailor and naval officeholder in service of the Portuguese Crown in Asia. King Manuel I of Portugal refused to back up Magellan'due south programme to reach the Maluku Islands (the "Spice Islands") by sailing westwards effectually the American continent. Facing some criminal offences, Magellan left Portugal and proposed the same expedition to King Charles I of Espana, who accepted it. Consequently, many in Portugal considered him a traitor and he never returned.^{[5] [half-dozen]} In Seville, he married, fathered two children, and organised the expedition.^[seven] For his fidelity to the Hispanic Monarchy, in 1518, Magellan was appointed admiral of the Spanish Armada and given command of the expedition – the 5-transport Armada of Molucca. He was also fabricated Commander of the Order of Santiago, one of the highest armed forces ranks of the Castilian Empire.^[eight]

Granted special powers and privileges by the Rex, he led the Armada from Sanlucar de Barrameda, southwest beyond the Atlantic Ocean, to the eastern coast of South America, and down to Patagonia. Despite a series of storms and mutinies, the expedition successfully passed through the Strait of Magellan into the Mar del Sur, which Magellan renamed the "Peaceful Sea" (the modern Pacific Ocean).^[9] The expedition reached Guam and, shortly subsequently, the Philippine islands. In that location Magellan was killed in the Battle of Mactan in April 1521. Under the command of helm Juan Sebastian Elcano, the expedition later reached the Spice Islands. To navigate back to Spain and avert seizure by the Portuguese, the trek'due south 2 remaining ships split, one attempting, unsuccessfully, to achieve New Spain by sailing eastwards beyond the Pacific, while the other, commanded by Elcano, sailed westwards via the Indian Ocean and upward the Atlantic coast of Africa, finally arriving at the trek's port of departure and thereby completing the first complete excursion of the earth.

While in the Kingdom of Portugal'southward service, Magellan had already reached the Malay Archipelago in Southeast Asia on previous voyages traveling east (from 1505 to 1511–1512). By visiting this area once more but at present traveling west, Magellan achieved a about complete personal circumnavigation of the globe for the start time in history.^{[10] [11]}

Early life and travels

House where Magellan lived, in Sabrosa, Portugal

Magellan was built-in in the Portuguese town of Sabrosa on 4 February 1480.^[12] His father, Pedro de Magalhães, was a minor member of Portuguese dignity^[12] and mayor of the town. His mother was Alda de Mezquita.^[13] Magellan'due south siblings included Diego de Sosa and Isabel Magellan.^[14] He was brought upward as a page of Queen Eleanor, consort of King John II. In 1495 he entered the service of Manuel I, John'due south successor.^[15]

In March 1505, at the historic period of 25, Magellan enlisted in the armada of 22 ships sent to host Francisco de Almeida as the get-go viceroy of Portuguese Bharat. Although his name does not appear in the chronicles, it is known that he remained there eight years, in Goa, Cochin and Quilon. He participated in several battles, including the battle of Cannanore in 1506, where he was wounded. In 1509 he besides fought in what is considered one the 6th battles that changed the world,^[16] the battle of Diu.^[17]

He later sailed nether Diogo Lopes de Sequeira in the start Portuguese embassy to Malacca, with Francisco Serrão, his friend and maybe cousin.^[18] In September, after arriving at Malacca, the expedition cruel victim to a conspiracy ending in retreat. Magellan had a crucial role, warning Sequeira and risking his life to rescue Francisco Serrão and others who had landed.^{[19] [20]}

In 1511, nether the new governor Afonso de Albuquerque, Magellan and Serrão participated in the conquest of Malacca. Afterward the conquest their ways parted: Magellan was promoted, with a rich plunder and, in the visitor of a Malay he had indentured and baptized, Enrique of Malacca, he returned to Portugal in 1512 or 1513.^[21] Serrão departed in the first expedition sent to find the "Spice Islands" in the Moluccas, where he remained. He married a adult female from Amboina and became a military advisor to the Sultan of Ternate, Bayan Sirrullah. His letters to Magellan would evidence decisive, giving information about the spice-producing territories.^{[22] [23]}

Later on taking a leave without permission, Magellan roughshod out of favour. Serving in Kingdom of morocco, he was wounded, resulting in a permanent limp. He was accused of trading illegally with the Moors. The accusations were proven simulated, simply he received no farther offers of employment after 15 May 1514. Later on in 1515, he got an employment offering every bit a coiffure member on a Portuguese ship, merely rejected this. In 1517 later a quarrel with Male monarch Manuel I, who denied his persistent demands to pb an expedition to achieve the spice islands from the east (i.east., while sailing westwards, seeking to avoid the need to sail effectually the tip of Africa^[24]), he left for Espana. In Seville he befriended his countryman Diogo Barbosa and soon married the girl of Diogo's 2d wife, Maria Caldera Beatriz Barbosa.^[25] They had ii children: Rodrigo de Magallanes^[26] and Carlos de Magallanes, both of whom died at a young age. His married woman died in Seville effectually 1521.

Meanwhile, Magellan devoted himself to studying the most recent charts, investigating, in partnership with cosmographer Rui Faleiro, a gateway from the Atlantic to the South Pacific and the possibility of the Moluccas beingness Castilian according to the demarcation of the Treaty of Tordesillas.

Voyage of circumnavigation

Groundwork and preparations

Victoria, the sole ship of Magellan's fleet to complete the circumnavigation. Particular from a map by Ortelius, 1590.

After having his proposed expeditions to the Spice Islands repeatedly rejected by Rex Manuel of Portugal, Magellan renounced his Portuguese nationality and turned to Charles I, the young Rex of Spain (and future Holy Roman Emperor). Under the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas, Portugal controlled the eastern routes to Asia that went around Africa. Magellan instead proposed reaching the Spice Islands by a western route, a feat which had never been accomplished. Hoping that this would yield a commercially useful trade route for Kingdom of spain, Charles canonical the expedition, and provided nearly of the funding.

Male monarch Manuel I of Portugal saw this every bit an act of insult, and he did everything in his power to disrupt Magellan's arrangements for the voyage. The Portuguese king allegedly ordered that Magellan's backdrop be vandalized equally information technology was the Coat of arms of the Magellan displayed at the family unit firm's façade in Sabrosa, his home town; and may have even requested the bump-off of the navigator. When Magellan eventually sailed to the open seas in Baronial 1519, a Portuguese armada was sent after him though failed to capture him.^{[27] [ better source needed ]}

Magellan'south fleet consisted of five ships, conveying supplies for two years of travel. The crew consisted of about 270 men of unlike origins, though the numbers may vary downwards amongst scholars based on contradicting data from the many documents available. About lx per cent of the crew were Spaniards issued from nigh all regions of Castile. Portuguese and Italian followed with 28 and 27 seamen respectively, while mariners from France (15), Greece (8), Flanders (5), Germany (iii), Ireland (ii), England and Malaysia (1 each) and other people of unidentified origin completed the crew.^{[28] [29] [30]}

Voyage

Magellan'due south voyages; the double line represents Magellan's trip from Portugal to the Moluccas. The single line traces his long, continuous voyage from Kingdom of spain to the Philippines.^[31]

The fleet left Spain on 20 September 1519, sailing west across the Atlantic toward South America. In Dec, they made landfall at Rio de Janeiro. From there, they sailed south along the declension, searching for a way through or effectually the continent. After three months of searching (including a false first in the estuary of Río de la Plata), weather conditions forced the fleet to cease their search to await out the winter. They establish a sheltered natural harbor at the port of Saint Julian, and remained there for five months. Presently after landing at St. Julian, there was a mutiny try led by the Spanish captains Juan de Cartagena, Gaspar de Quesada and Luis de Mendoza. Magellan barely managed to quell the mutiny, despite at one signal losing command of three of his five ships to the mutineers. Mendoza was killed during the conflict, and Magellan sentenced Quesada and Cartagena to being beheaded and marooned, respectively. Lower-level conspirators were made to practice difficult labor in chains over the wintertime, but later freed.^[32]

During the winter, one of the fleet's ships, the Santiago, was lost in a tempest while surveying nearby waters, though no men were killed. Following the winter, the fleet resumed their search for a passage to the Pacific in October 1520. Three days later on, they found a bay which somewhen led them to a strait, now known every bit the Strait of Magellan, which allowed them passage through to the Pacific. While exploring the strait, one of the remaining four ships, the San Antonio, deserted the armada, returning east to Espana. The fleet reached the Pacific by the end of November 1520. Based on the incomplete understanding of earth geography at the time, Magellan expected a short journeying to Asia, perhaps taking as lilliputian equally three or four days.^[33] In fact, the Pacific crossing took 3 months and 20 days. The long journey exhausted their supply of food and water, and effectually thirty men died, mostly of scurvy.^[34] Magellan himself remained healthy, perhaps considering of his personal supply of preserved quince.

On 6 March 1521, the exhausted fleet made landfall at the isle of Guam and were met past native Chamorro people who came aboard the ships and took items such as rigging, knives, and a ship's boat. The Chamorro people may take thought they were participating in a trade exchange (every bit they had already given the fleet some supplies), only the crew interpreted their actions as theft.^[35] Magellan sent a raiding party aground to retaliate, killing several Chamorro men, called-for their houses, and recovering the stolen goods.^[36]

On 16 March, the fleet sighted the isle of Samar ("Zamal") in the eastern Philippine Islands. They weighed anchor in the modest (then uninhabited) isle of Homonhon ("Humunu"), where they would remain for a week while their ill crew members recuperated. Magellan befriended the tattooed locals of the neighboring island of Suluan ("Zuluan") and traded goods and supplies and learned of the names of neighboring islands and local customs.^[37]

After resting and resupplying, Magellan sailed on deeper into the Visayas Islands. On 28 March, they anchored off the island of Limasawa ("Mazaua") where they encountered a minor outrigger boat ("boloto"). Subsequently talking with the crew of the boat via Enrique of Malacca (Magellan's slave-interpreter who was originally from Sumatra), they were met by the 2 large balangay warships ("balanghai") of Rajah Kulambo ("Colambu") of Butuan, and 1 of his sons. They went aground to Limasawa where they met Kulambo'southward brother, another leader, Rajah Siawi ("Siaui") of Surigao ("Calagan"). The rulers were on a hunting expedition on Limasawa. They received Magellan equally their invitee and told him of their customs and of the regions they controlled in northeastern Mindanao. The tattooed rulers and the locals besides wore and used a keen corporeality of gilded jewelry and golden artifacts, which piqued Magellan's interest. On 31 March, Magellan's crew held the starting time Mass in the Philippines, planting a cross on the island's highest hill. Before leaving, Magellan asked the rulers for the adjacent nearest trading ports. They recommended he visit the Rajahnate of Cebu ("Zubu"), because information technology was the largest. They prepare off for Cebu, accompanied by the balangays of Rajah Kulambo and reached its port on 7 April.^{[37] : 141–150}

Magellan fix about converting the locals to Christianity. Most accepted the new religion readily, simply the island of Mactan resisted. On 27 Apr, Magellan and members of his crew attempted to subdue the Mactan natives by force, merely in the ensuing battle, the Europeans were overpowered and Magellan was killed.

Following his death, Magellan was initially succeeded by co-commanders Juan Serrano and Duarte Barbosa (with a series of other officers subsequently leading). The fleet left the Philippines (following a bloody betrayal past old ally Rajah Humabon) and somewhen made their way to the Moluccas in November 1521. Laden with spices, they attempted to set sail for Spain in December, but found that just one of their remaining ii ships, the Victoria, was seaworthy. The Victoria, captained by Juan Sebastián Elcano, finally returned to Espana past 6 September 1522, completing the circumnavigation. Of the 270 men who left with the expedition, only 18 or xix survivors returned.^[38]

Death

After several weeks in the Philippines, Magellan had converted as many as ii,200 locals to Christianity, including Rajah Humabon of Cebu and most leaders of the islands around Cebu.^[39] However, Lapulapu, the leader of Mactan,^[40] resisted conversion.^{[41] [42]} In order to proceeds the trust of Rajah Humabon,^{[43] [44]} Magellan sailed to Mactan with a small force on the morning of 27 April 1521. During the resulting battle against Lapulapu's troops, Magellan was struck by a bamboo spear, and later surrounded and finished off with other weapons.^[45]

Antonio Pigafetta and Ginés de Mafra provided written documents of the events culminating in Magellan'south expiry:

When morning time came forty-9 of us leaped into the water upwardly to our thighs, and walked through water for more than than two crossbow flights earlier nosotros could reach the shore. The boats could not approach nearer because of certain rocks in the water. The other 11 men remained behind to guard the boats. When nosotros reached land, those men had formed in three divisions to the number of more than yard five hundred persons. When they saw u.s., they charged downwards upon us with exceeding loud cries ... The musketeers and crossbowmen shot from a altitude for near a one-half-hour, but uselessly; for the shots only passed through the shields ... Recognizing the captain, and so many turned upon him that they knocked his helmet off his head twice ... An Indian hurled a bamboo spear into the helm'south confront, only the latter immediately killed him with his lance, which he left in the Indian's body. Then, trying to lay paw on sword, he could depict it out but halfway, because he had been wounded in the arm with a bamboo spear. When the natives saw that, they all hurled themselves upon him. One of them wounded him on the left leg with a large cutlass, which resembles a scimitar, merely being larger. That caused the captain to fall face downward, when immediately they rushed upon him with iron and bamboo spears and with their cutlasses, until they killed our mirror, our light, our comfort, and our true guide.

—Antonio Pigafetta^{[45] : 173–177}

Zero of Magellan's body survived, that afternoon the grieving rajah-king, hoping to recover his remains, offered Mactan's victorious master a handsome ransom of copper and iron for them but Datu Lapulapu refused. He intended to keep the body as a state of war trophy. Since his wife and child died in Seville before whatsoever fellow member of the expedition could return to Spain, it seemed that every prove of Ferdinand Magellan's existence had vanished from the world.

—Ginés de Mafra^[46]

Reputation following circumnavigation

In the immediate aftermath of the circumnavigation, few celebrated Magellan for his accomplishments, and he was widely discredited and reviled in Spain and his native Portugal.^{[47] [48]} The Portuguese regarded Magellan every bit a traitor for having sailed for Espana. In Spain, Magellan's reputation suffered due to the largely unflattering accounts of his actions given past the survivors of the expedition.

The outset news of the expedition came from the crew of the San Antonio, led past Estêvão Gomes, which deserted the fleet in the Strait of Magellan and returned to Seville vi May 1521. The deserters were put on trial, but eventually exonerated later on producing a distorted version of the mutiny at Saint Julian, and depicting Magellan every bit disloyal to the king. The trek was assumed to have perished.^[49] The Casa de Contratación withheld Magellan's salary from his wife, Beatriz "considering the consequence of the voyage", and she was placed under house arrest with their young son on the orders of Archbishop Fonseca.^[50]

The 18 survivors who somewhen returned aboard the Victoria in September 1522 were as well largely unfavourable to Magellan. Many, including the captain, Juan Sebastián Elcano, had participated in the mutiny at Saint Julian. On the ship'due south return, Charles summoned Elcano to Valladolid, inviting him to bring 2 guests. He brought sailors Francisco Albo and Hernándo de Bustamante, pointedly non including Antonio Pigafetta, the expedition'south chronicler. Under questioning by Valladolid'south mayor, the men claimed that Magellan refused to follow the rex'south orders (and gave this as the cause for the mutiny at Saint Julian), and that he unfairly favoured his relatives among the crew, and disfavoured the Castilian captains.^[51]

One of the few survivors loyal to Magellan was Antonio Pigafetta. Though not invited to testify with Elcano, Pigafetta made his own manner to Valladolid and presented Charles with a hand-written copy of his notes from the journey. He would afterward travel through Europe giving copies to other royals including John Three of Portugal, Francis I of France, and Philippe Villiers de 50'Isle-Adam. Afterward returning to his habitation of Venice, Pigafetta published his diary (as Relazione del primo viaggio intorno al mondo) effectually 1524. Scholars have come to view Pigafetta's diary as the well-nigh thorough and reliable account of the circumnavigation, and its publication helped to eventually counter the misinformation spread by Elcano and the other surviving mutineers.^[52] In an often-cited passage following his description of Magellan'south decease in the Battle of Mactan, Pigafetta eulogizes the captain-general:

Magellan's principal virtues were courage and perseverance, in even the most difficult situations; for case he bore hunger and fatigue better than all the residuum of usa. He was a magnificent practical seaman, who understood navigation amend than all his pilots. The all-time proof of his genius is that he circumnavigated the globe, none having preceded him.^[53]

Legacy

A 1561 map of America showing Magellan's name for the Pacific, Mare pacificum, and the Strait of Magellan, labelled Frenum Magaliani

Magellan has come up to exist renowned for his navigational skill and tenacity. The first circumnavigation has been called "the greatest sea voyage in the Age of Discovery",^[54] and even "the most important maritime voyage ever undertaken".^[55] Appreciation of Magellan's accomplishments may have been enhanced over time by the failure of subsequent expeditions which attempted to retrace his route, kickoff with the Loaísa expedition in 1525 (which featured Juan Sebastián Elcano equally second-in-control).^[56] The next expedition to successfully complete a circumnavigation, led by Francis Drake, would not occur until 1580, 58 years later on the return of the Victoria.^[57]

Magellan named the Pacific Ocean (which was also often called the Sea of Magellan in his honor until the eighteenth century^[58]), and lends his name to the Strait of Magellan. His proper name has also since been applied to a variety of other entities, including the Magellanic Clouds (ii dwarf galaxies visible in the night sky of the southern hemisphere), Project Magellan (a Cold-State of war era U.s. Navy project to circumnavigate the world by submarine), and NASA'southward Magellan spacecraft.

Quincentenary

Fifty-fifty though Magellan did not survive the trip, he has received more than recognition for the expedition than Elcano has, since Magellan was the i who started it, Portugal wanted to recognize a Portuguese explorer, and Spain feared Basque nationalism. In 2019, the 500th ceremony of the voyage, Spain and Magellan'southward native Portugal submitted a new joint application to UNESCO to honour the circumnavigation road.^[59] Commemorations of the circumnavigation include:

• An exhibition titled "The Longest Journeying: the starting time circumnavigation" was opened at the General Archive of the Indies in Seville by the King and Queen of Kingdom of spain. It was scheduled to be transferred to the San Telmo Museum in San Sebastian in 2020.^[sixty]
• An exhibition entitled Pigafetta: cronista de la primera vuelta al mundo Magallanes Elcano opened at the library of the Spanish Bureau for International Development Cooperation in Madrid. It gave prominence to Pigafetta, the chronicler of the expedition.^[61]

See also

• Listing of things named after Ferdinand Magellan
• Age of Discovery
• Chronology of European exploration of Asia
• History of the Philippines
• Military history of the Philippines
• Portuguese Empire
• Spanish Empire

References

1. ^ "Magellan". Collins English Dictionary . Retrieved 8 October 2019.
2. ^ "Magellan". Random House Webster'due south Unabridged Lexicon . Retrieved 8 October 2019.
3. ^ Pigafetta, Antonio. Magellan'southward Voyage: A Narrative Account of the Showtime Circumnavigation, trans. and ed. Skelton, R.A. (2 vols., New Haven, CT, 1969).
4. ^ Mitchell, Mairin. Elcano: The Starting time Circumnavigator (London, 1958)
5. ^ A typical evaluation of Magellan by a gimmicky Portuguese historian is that given by Damião de Goes, Crónica do felicissimo rei Dom Emanuel, edited past Texeira de Carvalho eastward Lopes (4 vols., Coimbra, 1926; originally published 1556), IV, 83-84, who considered Magellan "a disgruntled human being who planned the voyage for Castile principally to spite the Portuguese sovereign Manuel."
6. ^ Torodash, Martin (1971). "Magellan Historiography". Hispanic American Historical Review. 51 (2): 313–335. doi:x.1215/00182168-51.two.313.
7. ^ Kinsella, Pat (27 April 2021). "Dire straits: the story of Ferdinand Magellan's fatal voyage of discovery". BBC History Mag . Retrieved 23 July 2021. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
8. ^ Castro, Xavier de (dir.); Carmen Bernand; Hamon, Jocelyne et Thomaz, Luiz Filipe (2010). Le voyage de Magellan (1519–1522). La relation d'Antonio Pigafetta et autres témoignages (in French). Paris: Éditions Chandeigne, collection " Magellane ". ISBN 978-2915540-57-4.
9. ^ Hartig, Otto (ane October 1910). "Ferdinand Magellan". Cosmic Encyclopedia. Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved 31 Oct 2010 – via NewAdvent.org.
10. ^ Miller, Gordon (2011). Voyages: To the New World and Beyond (1st ed.). University of Washington Press. p. thirty. ISBN978-0-295-99115-3.
11. ^ Dutch, Steve (21 May 1997). "Circumnavigations of the Globe to 1800". University of Wisconsin-Green Bay. Archived from the original on 23 Oct 2014. Retrieved eleven October 2014.
12. ^ ^{a b} Bergreen 2003, p. 17.
13. ^ Hartig, Otto (1913). "Ferdinand Magellan". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Cosmic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
14. ^ Ocampo 2019.
15. ^ One or more than of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain:Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Magellan, Ferdinand". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge Academy Printing.
16. ^ Weir, William (2018). 50 Battles That Changed the Globe. Permuted Press.
17. ^ James A. Patrick, Renaissance and Reformation, p. 787, Marshall Cavendish, 2007, ISBN 0-7614-7650-four
18. ^ William J. Bernstein, A Fantabulous Exchange: How Trade Shaped the World, pp. 183–185, Grove Press, 2009, ISBN 0-8021-4416-0
19. ^ Zweig, Stefan, "Conqueror of the Seas – The Story of Magellan", pp. 44–45, Read Books, 2007, ISBN i-4067-6006-4
20. ^ Joyner 1992, pp. 42–43.
21. ^ Joyner 1992, p. 50.
22. ^ Zweig, Stefan, "Conqueror of the Seas – The Story of Magellan", p. 51, Read Books, 2007, ISBN 1-4067-6006-iv
23. ^ R.A. Donkin, "Between East and West: The Moluccas and the Traffic in Spices up to the Arrival of Europeans", p. 29, Volume 248 of Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society, Diane Publishing, 2003 ISBN 0-87169-248-one
24. ^ Mervyn D. Kaufman (2004), Ferdinand Magellan, Capstone Printing, pp. 13, ISBN978-0-7368-2487-iii
25. ^ "Beatriz Barbosa, 1495". Geneall.net.
26. ^ Noronha 1921.
27. ^ Galván, Javier (seven September 2020). "That small superpower where Magellan was born". Philippine Daily Inquirer . Retrieved 23 July 2021. {{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: url-condition (link)
28. ^ Nancy Smiler Levinson (2001), Magellan and the Kickoff Voyage Around the Globe, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, p. 39, ISBN978-0-395-98773-5 , retrieved 31 July 2010, Personnel records are imprecise. The nearly accepted total number is 270.
29. ^ Serrano, Tomás Mazón (2020). "T. Elcano, Journey to History".
30. ^ Bergreen 2003, p. 61.
31. ^ Smith, Lucy Humphrey (1920). "Magellan". St. Nicholas Magazine. Vol. 48, no. 1. p. 498 – via Scribner.
32. ^ "Ferdinand Magellan - Allegiance to Spain". Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 31 March 2021.
33. ^ Cameron 1974, p. 145.
34. ^ Bergreen 2003, p. 215.
35. ^ George Bryan Souza, Jeffrey S. Turley (2016). The Boxer Codex Transcription and Translation of an Illustrated Tardily Sixteenth-Century Spanish Manuscript Concerning the Geography, History and Ethnography of the Pacific, Southward-East and East Asia. Brill. p. 303. ISBN978-90-04-29273-4. OCLC 932684337.
36. ^ Bergreen 2003, pp. 224–231.
37. ^ ^{a b} Nowell, C.East. (1962). "Antonio Pigafetta's business relationship". Magellan'due south Voyage Around the World. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press. hdl:2027/mdp.39015008001532. OCLC 347382.
38. ^ Cameron 1974, p. 209.
39. ^ Bergreen 2003, p. 271.
40. ^ ABS-CBN News (one May 2019). "Information technology's Lapulapu: Gov't committee weighs in on correct spelling of Filipino hero'due south name". ABS-CBN News. ABS-CBN Corporation. Retrieved 22 November 2019.
41. ^ David, Hawthorne (1964). Ferdinand Magellan. Doubleday & Company, Inc.
42. ^ "Battle of Mactan Marks Kickoff of Organized Filipino Resistance Vs. Foreign Aggression". Retrieved 9 April 2009.
43. ^ Ocampo, Ambeth (13 November 2019). "Lapu-Lapu, Magellan and blind patriotism". Inquirer.net . Retrieved 22 November 2019.
44. ^ Mojarro, Jorge (10 November 2019). "[OPINION] The anger toward the 'Elcano & Magellan' motion picture is unjustified". Rappler. Rappler Inc. Retrieved 22 November 2019.
45. ^ ^{a b} Pigafetta, Antonio (1906). Magellan's Voyage Around the Earth (1906 ed.). tr. James Alexander Robertson
46. ^ Manchester, William (1993). A Earth Lit Just by Fire. Little, Chocolate-brown and Company. ISBN978-0-316-54556-iii. ^{[ page needed ]}
47. ^ Bergreen 2003, p. 406.
48. ^ Cameron 1974, p. 210.
49. ^ Bergreen 2003, p. 299.
50. ^ Bergreen 2003, p. 305.
51. ^ Bergreen 2003, pp. 399–402.
52. ^ Bergreen 2003, pp. 403–405.
53. ^ Cameron 1974, p. 215.
54. ^ Bergreen 2003, p. 414.
55. ^ Bergreen 2003, p. 2.
56. ^ Bergreen 2003, p. 412.
57. ^ Bergreen 2003, p. 413.
58. ^ Camino, Mercedes Maroto. Producing the Pacific: Maps and Narratives of Castilian Exploration (1567–1606), p. 76. 2005.
59. ^ Minder, Raphael (20 September 2019). "Who Start Circled the Globe? Not Magellan, Spain Wants You lot to Know". The New York Times.
60. ^ "King and Queen of Spain open commemorative exhibition on beginning circumnavigation by Magellan and Elcano". 2019. Retrieved 22 October 2019.
61. ^ "Pigafetta: cronista de la primera vuelta al mundo Magallanes Elcano".

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• Cliffe, Edward (1885). Hakluyt, Richard (ed.). "The voyage of M. John Winter into the South sea by the Streight of Magellan, in consort with M. Francis Drake, begun in the yeere 1577". The principal navigations, voyages, traffiques and discoveries of the English language nation. Edinburgh: E. & G. Goldsmid. {{citation}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
• Drake, Francis (1628), The world encompassed by Sir Francis Drake: being his next voyage to that to Nombre de Dios Elibron, Classics series, Issue sixteen of Works issued by the Hakluyt Society, Adamant Media Corporation, ISBN978-1-4021-9567-9
• Hogan, C. Michael (2008). Due north. Stromberg (ed.). Magellanic Penguin. GlobalTwitcher.com. Archived from the original on 23 August 2011. {{commendation}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
• Noronha, Dom José Manoel de (1921). Imprensa da Universidade (ed.). Algumas Observações sobre a Naturalidade east a Família de Fernão de Magalhães (in Portuguese). Coimbra: Biblioteca Genealogica de Lisboa. Archived from the original on seven March 2010. {{citation}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
• Stefoff, Rebecca (1990), Ferdinand Magellan and the Discovery of the World Body of water, Chelsea House Publishers, ISBN978-0-7910-1291-8
• Suárez, Thomas (1999). Early mapping of Southeast Asia. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN978-962-593-470-9. {{citation}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)

Online sources

• Ocampo, Ambeth (five July 2019), "Magellan'due south last volition and testament", INQUIRER.net, INQUIRER.net, retrieved 5 July 2019
• Swenson, Tait Thou. (2005). "Beginning Circumnavigation of the Earth by Magellan 1519–1522". The Web Chronology projection . Retrieved 14 March 2006. {{citation}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)

Farther reading

Master sources

• Pigafetta, Antonio (1906), Magellan'south Voyage around the World, Arthur A. Clark (orig. Primer viaje en torno del globo Retrieved on 2009-04-08)
• Magellan (Francis Guillemard, Antonio Pigafetta, Francisco Albo, Gaspar Correa) [2008] Viartis ISBN 978-1-906421-00-7
• Maximilianus Transylvanus, De Moluccis insulis, 1523, 1542
• Nowell, Charles E., ed. (1962), Magellan's Voyage around the World: 3 Contemporary Accounts, Evanston: NU Press
• The Showtime Voyage Round the World, past Magellan, total text, English translation by Lord Stanley of Alderley, London: Hakluyt, [1874] – six gimmicky accounts of his voyage

Secondary sources

• Bergreen, Laurence (2003), Over the Border of the World: Magellan'south Terrifying Circumnavigation of the Globe , William Morrow, ISBN978-0-06-093638-9
• Guillemard, Francis Henry Loma (1890), The life of Ferdinand Magellan, and the commencement circumnavigation of the world, 1480–1521, Thou. Philip, retrieved viii April 2009
• Hildebrand, Arthur Sturges (1924), Magellan, New York: Harcourt, Caryatid & Co, ISBN978-one-4179-1413-5
• Joyner, Tim (1992), Magellan, Camden, Me.: International Marine Publishing, ISBN978-0-07-033128-0
• Nunn, George E. (1932), The Columbus and Magellan Concepts of Due south American Geography
• Parr, Charles M. (1953), So Noble a Captain: The Life and Times of Ferdinand Magellan, New York: Crowell, ISBN978-0-8371-8521-seven
• Parry, J.H. (1979), The Discovery of Due south America, New York: Taplinger
• Parry, J.H. (1981), The Discovery of the Ocean, Berkeley: University of California Press, ISBN978-0-520-04236-0
• Parry, J.H. (1970), The Spanish Seaborne Empire, New York: Knopf, ISBN978-0-520-07140-7
• Pérez-Mallaína, Pablo E. (1998), Espana's Men of the Sea: Daily Life on the Indies Fleets in the Sixteenth Century, translated by Carla Rahn Phillips, Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, ISBN978-0-8018-5746-1
• Roditi, Edouard (1972), Magellan of the Pacific, London: Faber & Faber, ISBN978-0-571-08945-1
• Schurz, William L. (May 1922), "The Spanish Lake", Hispanic American Historical Review, 5 (two): 181–194, doi:10.2307/2506024, JSTOR 2506024.
• Thatcher, Oliver J., ed. (1907), "Magellan's Voyage Round the World", The Library of Original Sources, vol. 5, University Research Extension, pp. 41–57, hdl:2027/nyp.33433067371306
• Wilford, John Noble (2000), The Mapmakers, New York: Knopf, ISBN978-0-375-70850-iii, lay summary ^{[ permanent dead link ]}
• Zweig, Stefan (2007), Conquistador of the Seas – The Story of Magellan, Read Books, ISBN978-ane-4067-6006-4
• Cameron, Ian (1974). Magellan and the first circumnavigation of the world. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN029776568X. OCLC 842695.

External links

• Ferdinand Magellan on history.com
• PBS Secrets of the Dead: Magellan'due south Crossing
• Magellan's untimely demise on Cebu in the Philippines from History House
• Expedición Magallanes – Juan Sebastian Elcano
• Encyclopædia Britannica Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese explorers

nortoncoudes.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan

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